The Ukraine Crisis; Changes of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3224 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ukraine Crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Change of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition Recent times is Ukraine has seen a kind of revolution, which was not seen in any part of the world since the post-World War era. In August 1991, Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state leaving USSR. 90% votes were for independence according to a referendum in December same year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ukraine Crisis; Changes of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition" essay for you Create order In November 2004, Orange Revolution started after reports of far reaching vote-fixing in presidential race ostensibly won by pro- Russian candidate for president, Viktor Yanukovych. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko leaded mass street dissents and civil disobedience. . But the Supreme Court annulled the results of the poll. Viktor Yushchenko won the re-elections. In February 2010, again Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner in presidential election, judged free and fair by observers. His main opposition, Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, was arrested for abuse of powers. She was jailed in October 2011. In 2013, Viktor Yanukovychà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government refused to sign an agreement for close trade ties with the European Unions. Rather gained co-operation with Russia. Later in 2013, protests take a faster form. More than 100,000 people gathered at Kiev to protest. This was the largest protest after the Orange revolution in the history of Ukraine. These protests, then took a violent turn. In early December 2013, the protestors occupied the Independence square and the Kiev City hall. More than 800,000 people gathered for the demonstration. Russian President, Vladmir Putin made an offer to President Yanukovych. Russia agreed to buy 15$ billion of the Ukrainian debt and reduce the price of gas supplies to Ukraine by one third. By the end of January, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov resigned from his post. Later parliament also annulled the anti- protest law. The parliament then passed the amnesty bill assuring to drop charges against all those people arrested in the protest if protesters agreed to leave the government buildings .But opposition rejected these conditions. The protestors but left the Kiev city hall and also the other government building they acquired in the region and the arrested protestors were released as promised. But the protest still continued to erupt. Kiev on 20th February witnessed the worst day in its history where about 100 people w ere killed and uniformed snipers were spotted shooting at the protestors. After signing a compromise deal with the opposition on 21st February, President Yanukovych disappeared. The protestors took control of the administration buildings of the Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office. Parliament voted to remove the president from the power in the upcoming elections. Yulia Tymoshenko was also freed from the jail soon after the president fled. But the President did appear on the television to denounce coup. Parliament elected speaker Olexander Turchynov as the acting president. Also an arrest warrant was issued for Mr Yanukovych. The interim president warned nation of the dangers of separatism which were clearly eminent in the situation. Members of the expected new government appeared before protestors, and Arseniy Yatsenyuk was named the prime minister. Pro-Russian gunmen started their attempts to take over Crimea. Unidentified uniformed gunmen appeared outside Crimean airport. These gun men were speculated to be the Russian troops. Vladamir Putinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s request to the parliament to use force in Ukraine with the purpose of the protecting the Russian interest was approved. Ukraine declared that Russia has officially declared war on them. In March 2014, Crimeaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parliament vote to join Russia. Meanwhile Russia had denied that the troops in Crimea are Russian but are self-defence forces. United States and United Kingdom warn Russia of new measures against them, if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t withdraw their troops from Ukraine. Ukraine also requested US and UK to take all measures to prevent the Russian aggression in Ukraine. With an order from Ukraines acting President Olexander Turchynov Ukrainian troops left Crimea. But Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aggression still continued with troops on Ukrainian border. If considering the jurisprudential aspect of the Ukranian crisis, there occurred a revolution, an old government was overthrown and t he territories were invaded. Hans Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle of effectiveness is visibly applicable to the Ukraine crisis. According to Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle of effectiveness, an old legal order is invalid and people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow it. This is because the old constitution and subsequently the legal order become devoid of validity and thus loose its efficacy. The protestors in Ukraine overthrew the pro-Russia government when the pro-Russian president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych flee away to Russia. A new interim government was formed and the re-elections aimed at overthrowing the current President. The European Union and the United States of America, recognized this new interim government and considered it legitimate. According to the principle of International law, an actual established authority is the legitimate government. The order even if coercive given by this government is a legal order. The new government thus formed in Ukraine is valid and the legal order has an efficacy. But Russia is not willing to recognize this government and considers the impeachment of President Yanukovych as illegal. Kelsen states that, a norm is valid not only because the legal order is efficacious but the norms are made in the constitutional way. Here the question, whether the government in Ukraine is constitutional or not? Russia claims that this new government is nothing but a coup, and is not a legitimate government instead President Yanukovych is still the legitimate President. If Yanukovych is still the President, then the old legal order is still valid, though not effective, as Kelsen said that effectiveness is just a condition and not a reason for validity of a norm. Kelsen states that men do not conform to an older legal order. Men here means people and thus the people no longer conform to an old legal order[i]. In the case of Ukraine, the protestors who are the people of Ukraine wanted the new government, and thus they accepted the new government, which should be enough to apply the principle of effectiveness, as the people doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t consider the old legal order as valid which is as it is ineffective with the formation of new government. Also the theory of Grundnorm led down by Kelsen is somewhat in accordance with the situation in Ukraine. A Grundnorm is the term for basic norm[ii]. A Grundnorm change is a phenomenon which overthrows the current power of governance which can only be done through a political revolution[iii]. A Grundnorm can only be changed through a political revolution. The Ukraine crisis is somewhat similar to a change of Grundnorm. The pro-Russian government which was ruling for a considerable time was overthrown by the people of Ukraine. The new Government form was considered as the existing legal order and the basic norm. The new Government was then the ground rule for Ukraine. As the new government was formed, arrest warrant was issued against President Viktor Yanukovy ch. This can be seen as a Grundnorm which is changed. No one could have arrested President Yanukovych when he was in power and he had the Grundnorm. But now, the new government can arrest him. The term Grundnorm is used to express basic norm, order, or rule that forms an underlying basis for a legal system. The new government can be considered or will give a norm for the basis of legal system. But this is highly debatable as the new government cannot be said to be formed by popular will and is supported by those people of the country who are not pro-Russia. In the case of Republic of Fiji v Prasad, the court of appeals use the basis of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"principle of effectivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ laid down by Kelsen. In Fiji, the government appointed by the military failed to establish that it was a legitimate and legal government. The judges quoted Kelsen stating that theory justified the seizure of power by force. The judgment also stated that a new regime having to prove that i ts rule was based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"popular acceptance and supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as distinct from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tacit submission to coercion or fear of forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The holding of elections would be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"powerful evidence of efficacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In the case of Ukraine also the new government needed to prove popular acceptance. But this government was formed by overthrowing the previous one by the protestors. It cannot be said that the new Government in Ukraine has the popular acceptance if considering the Crimean region. The Crimean population is not in favour of this government. The Crimean population is pro-Russia and thus is against this government. Also Ukraine has not gained de facto control over Crimea, though it is because of the Russian aggression in the region. But the question of popular acceptance is limited only to the region of Crimea and thus it can be said that, what happened in Ukraine was a Grundnorm change. The new government was s uccessful revolution and will past the test laid down in the Fiji case accept when it comes to the region of Crimea where Crimea itself is expecting a Grundnorm change by wanting to join Russia. Like Kelsen, another jurist, H.L.A Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theories can also be connected to the Ukraine crisis. The rule of recognition is a customary or, as Hart says, a social rule. It can also be said, it is a rule by virtue of being accepted by a certain group of people, viz. the legal officials. The rule of recognition can therefore be described as a conventional rule[1]. The most essential one is that inasmuch as the rule of recognition is a social rule, the Grundnorm is only a presupposition, a thought in the personalities of legitimate researchers and others. According to Hart, only customary laws existed in the time where no law existed. Customary law meant that a rule is accepted only if majority members accepted it. Even in the societies, where now the law exist, the majority should accept it. In Ukraine, the government of President Yanukovych was accepted by the people of Ukraine. But then why was a new government formed? Why did the parliament voted to impeach the President? This is because what Hart says it as normative uncertainty. There are numerous heterogeneous groups in the society which may disagree on some or the other norms of the society. For this uncertainty Hart lays down the rule of change. A rule of change confers power on a person or institution to create, modify or extinguish rules and may also specify the procedures to be used in exercising that power. Since the rule of change empowers certain persons to amend the rules, behaviour may be shifted in the desired direction through the exercise of legal authority[2]. In the case of the Ukraine crisis, the question is whether the new government so formed in Ukraine is the desired direction? And if it is the desired direction, is it derived through exercise of legal authority. The new regime formed in Ukraine was a revolution. As the rule of recognition where primary law derives its authority from secondary law, has new government derived ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authority from anything? The interim government formed in Ukraine was legitimate and needed to be formed as the President fled away. The US and the EU recognized the newly formed government as being legitimate. The protestors can thus be said the group who were conflicting on the norms of the legal system and thus got it changed. A group facing a drought can, for example, deliberately change the tithing rules and hence address the dire circumstances in an expeditious manner. The new government is not accepted by the majority. Crimea voted more than 90% to join the Russian federation. Even Donetsk declared itself independent of Ukraine and wanted join Russia. Pro-Russia government was more desirable to this considerable population of the nation, thus not having popular acceptance of the new government. But this j ust not enough to decline the possibility of change of Grundnorm because there is a political revolution and the government is changed and it is only the population of Crimea and the some other parts of Ukraine which are pro-Russian are against the government but the majority part is for the government. It can be said that Crimea is another such group of the society facing normative uncertainty. Thus it can be called as a Grundnorm change. For Hart,Rule of change because, a group of the society was unable to derive authority from the previous government and thus formed a new government for their interest. It was the change of rule of recognition. Because the rule of recognition is a social rule, it is capable of being an ultimate rule[3].Its existence is derived only because of its acceptance, whereas the primary rule derive its authority from the rule of recognition. Russia insists that Viktor Yanukovych remains the President, while the government of Ukraine denies it. This mean s Russia recognizes Russia of having two legal systems, whereas the case is that it has only one legal system which is the ultimate rule of recognition[iv]. Similar is the case for the regions like Crimea who want leave Ukraine and merge with Russia. For such regions, the rule of recognition will shift from Ukraine to Russia. Ukraine will lose its power to legislate over the issues of Crimea[v]. HLA Hart also talks about the applicability of the international law. According to Hart international law is self-imposed but there are exceptions to it. The two important exceptions are formation of new state and a state acquiring territory or other changes. In such cases the state is bound by the international obligations and the rules. Considering the Ukraine crisis, Crimea either will be joining Russia or will form a separate state. In the former case Russia and in the latter case, the new state of Crimea will be bound by the obligation of international law[vi]. Also according to Kels enà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of International law, there is a coercive element involved in International law which gives a legal right to a state to punish an offending state. But Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s armed interference in Ukraine was not supported by the international community. Russia was asked to move back its troops from the Ukrainian borders. So this wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t the legal right Russia acquired to punish Ukraine as it is question whether Ukraine is an offending state or not. It can be inferred from the current situation of Ukraine that it is more tending towards Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grundnorm rather than Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule of recognition. But also it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t totally negate the Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view. Political revolution and a Coup are the two main elements for turning wind to the change of Grundnorm but at the same time also taking with it the elements of the change of rule of recognition. But still if I am need ed to choose only one out of the two, then I will say it is the Grundnorm change and not a change of Rule of Recognition. [1] Hart, CL II, supra note 96, p. 255. [2] YALE LAW SCHOOL, Scott J. Shapiro, Research Paper No. 181, WHAT IS THE RULE OF RECOGNITION (AND DOES IT EXIST)? , https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract#1304645 [3] YALE LAW SCHOOL, Scott J. Shapiro, Research Paper No. 181, WHAT IS THE RULE OF RECOGNITION (AND DOES IT EXIST)? , https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract#1304645 [i] If the old laws are regarded as valid it is because the new constitution has validated them expressly or tacitly (Kelsen 1967,209).The content of these norms remains unchanged but the reason for their validity changes as the old basic norm is displaced by the new. [ii] A legal norm exists because of a chain of validity that links it ultimately to the basic norm. The legal system is a system of legal norms connected to each other by their common origin, like the branches and leaves of a tree. [iii] Sometimes the basic norm of the legal order changes by means not authorised by the basic norm. This can happen in a number of different ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sometimes violently, sometimes by peaceful and consensual means. It happens when one stateconquersanotherandimposesitsownsovereignpowerovertheconquered state. The establishment of Crown sovereignty over Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s colonies subordinated local legal systems to the English law and constitution. It hap pens when a region of a country secedes from the whole and establishes its own legal order. [iv] it is possible that though in fact the legal system of the colony is now independent of its parent, the parent system may not recognize this fact. It may still be part of English law that the Westminster Parliament has retained, or can legally regain, power to legislate for the colony; and the domestic English courts may, if any cases involving a conflict between a Westminster statute and one of the local legislature comes before them, give effect to this view of the matter. In this case propositions of English law seem to conflict with fact. The law of the colony is not recognized in English courts as being what it is in fact: an independent legal system with its own local, ultimate rule of recognition. As a matter of fact there will be two legal systems, where English law will insist that there is only one But, just because one assertion is a statement of fact and the other a pro position of (English) law, the two do not logically conflict. [v] At this stage the legal system of the colony is plainly a subordinate part of a wider system char- acterized by the ultimate rule of recognition that what the Queen in Parliament enacts is law for (inter alia) the colony. At the end of the period of development we find that the ultimate rule of recognition has shifted, for the legal competence of the Westminster Parliament to legislate for the former colony is no longer recognized in its courts. It is still true that much of the constitutional structure of the former colony is to be found in the original statute of the Westminster Parliament: but this is now only an historical fact, for it no longer owes its contemporary legal status in the territory to the authority of the Westminster Parliament. [vi] The first is the case of a new state. It has never been doubted that when a new, independent state emerges into existence, as did Iraq in 1932, and Israel i n 1948, it is bound by the general obligations of inter- national law including, among others, the rules that give binding force to treaties. Here the attempt to rest the new states international obligations on a tacit or inferred con- sent seems wholly threadbare. The second case is that of a state acquiring territory or undergoing some other change, which brings with it, for the first time, the incidence of obligations under rules which previously it had no opportunity either to observe or break, and to which it had no occasion to give or withhold consent. If a state, previously without access to the sea, acquires maritime territory, it is clear that this is enough to make it subject to all the rules of international law relating to the territorial waters and the high seas. Besides these, there are more debatable cases, mainly relating to the effect on non-parties of general or multilateral treaties; but these two important exceptions are enough to justify the suspicion that the g eneral theory that all international obligation is self-imposed has been inspired by too much abstract dogma and too little respect for the facts.

The Appropriate Expansion Path Of Mcdonalds - 1202 Words

The appropriate expansion path (a) McDonald’s is a famous fast food brand in the word which owns 35,000 outlets located in 119 different countries. In 1990, the first McDonald’s store opened in Shenzhen. But before they actually started their business, McDonald’s had already carried out 5 years business research and all sorts of information gathering such as the income level of the Chinese people, the kind of foods they enjoy etc (Han, J. 2008). For product perspective, McDonald’s create a standardized set of products that taste similar no matter in United State or in China. According to the research, they found cost saving by standardization as â€Å"think global, act local†. McDonalds launch their promotion with same brand image and the advertisements. The target customers for them include children, teenagers and young generation with standardization management. On the other hand, they are not successful as KFC in China market due to some reasons. 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Double Entry Journal For “Huckleberry Finn” free essay sample

1. â€Å"I’ve seen it in the books; and so of course that’s what we’ve got to do.† â€Å"But how can we do it if we don’t know what it is?† â€Å"Why blame it all, we’ve got to do it. Don’t I tell you it’s in the books? Do you want to go to doing different from what’s in the books, and get things all muddled up?† (Twain 10). This quote pokes fun at education as Tom Sawyer puts all his faith in a book, even though we know books do not always tell the truth. The boys are willing to take a blood oath and enter into a murderous gang because a book said that is the way to do it. It shows how easily they are influenced by one another and how they lack their own opinion. 2. â€Å"The men took their guns along, so did Buck, and kept them between their knees or stood them handy against the wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Entry Journal For â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Shepherdson’s done the same. It was pretty ornery preaching-all about brotherly love, and such-like tiresomeness, (Twain 137). The Grangerfords and Shepherdsons brought their guns to the church where they sat through a sermon preaching of brotherly love. This is a good example of religious satire because the pastor is preaching love whilst his followers are at war with each other. The families seem to be religious, yet ignore all of the teachings and contradict the word of the lord. 3. â€Å"Each person had their own nigger to wait on them- Buck, too. My nigger had a monstrous easy time, because I warn’t used to have anybody do anything for me, but Buck’s was on the jump most of the time.† (Twain 143). Huck is considerably better to slaves than most of the Southerners during this time and thinks of Jim as a good friend. This quote still pokes fun at racism though, showing it’s meaningless but inescapable. Even though Huck is not particularly racist he is still ingrained with the idea that he owns that black man, using the phrase â€Å"my nigger†. 4. â€Å"I am the rightful duke of Bridgewater; and here am I, forlorn, torn from my high estate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Bilgewater, I am the late Dauphin! †¦ Yes, gentleman, you see before you, in blue jeans and misery, the wanderin’, exiled, trampled-on and sufferin’ rightful King of France.† (Twain 162). This is when Huck and Jim pick up two drifters and criminals to ride along with them on their raft. It shows how easily Jim and Huck trust the men that claim to be royalty because they aren’t used to such deception. Jim and Huck are just happy to be in the presence of people they believed were actually important at one time, as they were never important themselves. It isn’t until later that they discover the drifters are lying and feel bad for the scam artists when they come upon them tar and feathered. 5. â€Å"The king he told it all over again on his hands to the duke, and both of them took on about that dead tamer like they’d lost the twelve disciples. Well, if I ever struck anything like it, I’m a nigger. It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race.† (Twain 210). This quote shows that the duke and king have no respect for others and openly deceive grieving people and exploit this to collect the large inheritance. It’s even worse when Huck says if he ever did something like this then he’d be a nigger. Huck has compared Jim to being his equal before yet still views most blacks as inferior. Jim is a much better man the two crooks who completely lack ethics. 6. â€Å"Don’t be no rougher on him than you’re obleeged to, because he ain’t a bad nigger†¦ out crawls this nigger from somewhere, and says he’ll help; and he done it too, and done it very well†¦ and yet he was resking his freedom to do it,† (Twain 352). This is when Tom gets shot and the doctor needs help to remove the bullet from his leg because Tom was getting worse by the minute. It shows that Jim was braver and more honorable than many other men, black or white. Tom had risked everything to save him, and Jim wouldn’t let him die like that; he was willing to give up his freedom to save his friend. I doubt the duke and the king would ever be so kind.

Why Is the “Era of Goof Feelings” a Misnomer Essay Example

Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? Paper The period of James Monroe’s presidency has gained the term used worldwide as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. It was adopted by this name because of Monroe’s action in visiting the U. S military basis and because of the spirit of nationalism and optimism gained by the people from the War of 1812. Foreign affairs exemplifies why this name is partly fact. However, the perception of unity that this era defines is somewhat misleading. Throughout this period, there were various problems that contradicted the era’s name. Some of the serious issues that divided the nation were economic depression and sectionalism. The first major fracture in â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was an economic panic and depression that is frequently known as â€Å"The Panic of 1819†. This disaster was largely caused by the Second Bank of the United States (BUS). In their delayed attempt to control inflation caused by the War of 1812 and the economy, BUS forced western banks to foreclose on western farms. They stopped allowing payment in paper, instead asking the people to pay in hard money, such as gold and silver. Many of our country’s banks were affected, which harmed the farmers who had taken out loans. The region placed everyone into huge debt. Many state banks closed, the value of money collapsed, and there was a massive number of unemployment , bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt. This depression largely damaged the West, and resulted with panic amongst the people. It lead the individuals to look for a more responsive government, thus changing many voters’ political outlook. Since the westerners were most largely affected, they began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to the national bank and debtors‘ prisons. This increased the need for democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nationalistic beliefs trembled as a result of this economic depression, hence destroying the meaning behind the term of the â€Å"Era of Good feelings†. Emerging sectionalism started in our nation because of the rising issue with slavery. When Missouri asked to join our country as a new state, an amendment was examined to be passed in response to whether or not this new state should admit slavery. This amendment is known as the Tallmadge Amendment. This bill stated that no slaves could be brought into the state of Missouri and slaves born there would be freed at the age of 25. Southerners were bothered by this suggested law because they felt that it would threaten the sectional balance we had in our country and that Congress would attempt to abolish slavery in southern states. As a solution to this growing dilemma, Henry Clay proposed the Missouri compromise in 1820. This compromise, commonly known as â€Å"The Great Compromise†, stated three important things. One being that Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state. Second, Maine was to be admitted as a free state, in order to keep the balance. Third, in the rest of the Louisiana territory north of latitude 36? 0 , slavery was prohibited. Although this compromise was accepted by both sides of the country, it upset many Northerners, thus increasing growing sectionalism in our nation. Nevertheless, the â€Å"Era of Good feelings† was badly damaged by Americans’ torn feelings of sectional controversy over Missouri (North vs. South). The â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† can al so be exemplified with positive results. Our country’s Foreign affairs grew increasingly better during this time period. After the War of 1812, the United States adopted a more aggressive nationalistic approach in its relations with other nations. Americans were now proud to call themselves Americans and they had very positive feelings because of their battle against England, with whom they now had a better relationship with then they ever had before. President Monroe, with the immense help from Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, followed a nationalistic procedure that actively advanced American interests while maintaining peace. The â€Å"Treaty of 1818† with England, for instance, fixed the American-Canadian border. The United states gained Oregon territory without the surrender of claims plus we were able to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. Another positive result during this period was the treaty known as the â€Å"Florida Purchase Treaty†. Signed in 1819, Spain surrendered Florida as well as claims to Oregon to the United States. This expanded our nation, which caused Americans to feel more positive about themselves and their country. In exchange, the United Stated paid Spain $5 million for the land and gave up all territorial claims to Texas. A very important model during this time period that had a long-term impact was â€Å"The Monroe Doctrine†. This doctrine stated that the nations of Europe could not establish any new colonies in the western hemisphere. Although during this time the United States was too weak to make such a broad claim, this doctrine later became the cornerstone of U. S. foreign policy during the last half of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century. Despite that things appeared pleasant on the outside with a growing nationalistic country, during the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† there was increasing disunity throughout the United States influenced by sectionalism and economic downfall.