New Years Changes in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- Victorian

In Victorian England, women were expected to be undoubtedly obedient to their fathers, and later in life, servile to their husbands as well. They were normally forbidden to pursue a real education, and would often â€Å"devote themselves to their husbands' happiness† (Roland 10). Throughout history, women have had to make sacrifices for other people's feelings and lives. They have given up their own lives, freedoms, education, and careers due to their concern for others. A concurrent injustice occurs in Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House. The play's characters, motifs, and symbols support it's theme; the sacrifices and decisions pushed onto women by society have hampered them from pursuing their own lives, but there is hope to overcome it. The two minor women characters, Anne and Mrs. Linde, both make sacrifices for different people in order to make life better for others. During the 1800's, a chance for a woman to get an advanced education was fairly rare. This limited a woman's options to low paying job or marrying a well-off man. Anne, the nurse, explains to Nora that when she was young, she was just â€Å"a poor girl† led down the wrong path by a â€Å"wicked man† (Ibsen 200). Anne was forced to put her daughter up for adoption so she could get a job and survive, but it also provided her daughter with a stable home. Mrs. Linde, an old friend of Nora's, reappears after ten years and tells Nora of the struggles in her past (Ibsen 180). Due to the familial obligations society often places on women, she had to leave her love, a poor man named Nils Krogstad, to marry a rich man who will able to financially help Mrs. Linde take care of her sick mother and younger brothers (Ibsen 182). Nora, the main female character of the play, care... ...ted as a doll all off her life by both her father and Torvald, and decides to leave her family so she can live a life of her own. The meaning of the New Year's Eve changes to represent how Nora and Torvald will evolve into new people (Ibsen 236). It also shows that it is never too late for any woman to take back her freedom. Ibsen's play displays how society's expectations of woman are unfair to their freedoms and the pursuit of their own lives. The female characters sacrificed having their own lives to better those of others. The motifs contrast what women experience in life and what they deserve. The symbol of New Year's Eve proves that a woman can reclaim her freedoms. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll's House† The River Reader. Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009 Roland, Paul. The Crimes of Jack the Ripper. Edison: Chartwell Books, Inc., 2007. Print.

How does Iago manipulate Othello Essay

Perfect people do not exist in this world of temptations, failures, and suffering. In fact, every person has weaknesses, and there is always a possibility that someone will use those feeble points against that man. Shakespeare’s play Othello shows an example of how one can control others exploiting their weaknesses and the consequences of such actions. The character of Iago, the antagonist in the tragedy Othello, instigates chaos, deception, and gross manipulation. He is the center of all the evil events in the play. He manages to completely deceive everyone by displaying an honest facade. Thus he is able to instill trust in all those around him. Since no one sees him for the evil and deceiving man that he really is, he manages to manipulate everyone. He exerts control and power over others in order to fulfill his goals of destroying Cassio and completely demeaning Othello and ruining his reputation. Roderigo’s passion to Desdemona, his foolishness, and trusting nature help Iago to succeed in his evil plan. Another object of manipulation is Cassio whose love for women and wine as well as his concerns of reputation makes him a victim of Iago’s brutal intentions. The Moor, the cause of Iago’s revenge, is described as someone who heavily relies on the advice of others which becomes used against him by his friend. Also he becomes caught in Iago’s web because of his disability to cope with jealousy put in his ear. Othello jumps quickly into conclusions and finally kills Desdemona and himself that satisfies Iago’s desire of revenge. Therefore, Iago is able to manipulate Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello by exploding their weaknesses. Being a blind fool and maintaining hopeless love for Desdemona, a woman of his dream, Roderigo is hurt by Iago who uses his weak spots to fulfill the revenge. Iago knows of Roderigo’s weakness of being totally devoted to Desdemona and of his obsession of winning her back, so he exploits it well. With promises of reunification with Desdemona, Iago twists Roderigo’s weakness to his advantage since he needs money and wants his hands to be clean. Iago is the one who manipulates his feelings toward Desdemona and motivates his actions. First Iago, in the moment of Roderigo’s despair, convinces him that Desdemona’s infatuation will end as soon as she’ll get bored sexually with Othello, so there will be a new way to get closer to her. Later he makes Roderigo believe that she has an affair with Cassio that  provides Roderigo with incentive to bring down and then kill Michael. Iago also puts in his head that Othello and Desdemona are going to Mauritania and he will not be able to win her back, but if Cassio dies then they will have to stay in Cyprus. Roderigo, being a naà ¯ve trusting fool, believes every Iago’s word. In his turn Iago despises Roderigo, referring to him as to a faithful to his master dog by saying that he is â€Å"poor trash of Venice, whom I leash for his quick hunting†. Roderigo’s disability to use his brain is showed in his foolishness of not understanding that Iago uses himas a source of money. However, even when he gets to suspect Iago in cheating on him, the master of evil finds the way out and Roderigo is left in fools again. Roderigo’s trusting nature and self-pitying does not allow him to take control over things by himself, so he sets his hopes on Iago who manipulates him playing on his weaknesses in order to fulfill his desire of revenge. Cassio with his good reputation, love for women and wine being his real weakness is another character that is exploited by Iago. Iago hates Michael since he was chosen over Iago to become a lieutenant even though Cassio is, according to Iago, an inferior soldier. Since Iago is aware of Michael’s â€Å"very poor and unhappy brains for drinking†. On the first step of destroying him Iago gets Cassiol to drink too much of wine, one of his main weaknesses, while on duty, challenging his loyalty to Othello and causes him to brawl with Roderigo. When Othello discovers the drunken Cassio, he dismisses him. This is exactly what Iago had envisioned. The humiliation of Michael due to his dismissal and loss of rank is the fulfillment of one of Iago’s major goals. On the next step â€Å"honest man†, as he is called by Cassio, maintains the facade of fake sincerity and loyalty to Michael while at the same time deceiving and plotting his destruction. Ironically, Cassio seeks Iago’s advice on how to regain Othello’s trust and favor while Iago is actually the source of his problem with Othello, Iago gives Michael advice for his own evil purposes. He advises Cassio to talk to Desdemona about influencing Othello. Unfortunately, this advice is a form of manipulating, since Iago perfectly knows that Michael is â€Å"a fellow almost damned in a fair wife†. Also by begging, or bowing down to a woman, which was not to be done in those times, Cassio shows more of a weakness. Although Michael is seeing Desdemona to talk about his position and reputation, Iago hints his  suspicious of Cassio and Desdemona’s affair to Othello creating an interest in him. Also Iago becomes a great friend of Michael who even doesn’t allow to himself to get to know more about the handkerchief given by Iago to him. His trusting nature is completely under the power of Iago who provides a support for him. Therefore, Iago takes c ontrol over Cassio and his weaknesses, but Michael, blinded by Iago’s outside friendly nature, does not realize that. Iago’s poison pours on to Othello’s mind and makes him to be manipulated by the enemy. Iago, when makes his plan says: The Moor is of a free and open-nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by th’nose As asses are (act 1, scene 3) Othello heavily relies on the opinions of others, as he did when choosing the lieutenant to be Cassio, not Iago. Also the Moor puts all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othello’s marriage to Desdemona. This wasn’t very bright of Othello. His trusting nature makes him vulnerable. His involvement with Desdemona translates into a deeper trust with heart. Being older than she is, Othello has fears that she will find a younger man who is more attractive than Othello. This makes him open to Iago’s plan. As a result when Iago creates rumors of Desdemona’s involvement with Cassio, Othello’, being already insecure with himself falls deep into Iago’s trap. Besides the fact that he is older than his wife, Othello also has insecurities about his race. He is a black man living among white men who are sometimes make judgments about his race and how it affects his work. In addition, to his fears, Othello has passionate nature does not allow him to think over what he hears or if it is true, but let his jealousy take over his actions. Othello’s emotions begin to grow from jealously to anger. He has never been heart broken before and now all his emotions of melancholy  are running through his mind. â€Å"How shall I murder him, Iago?† Already Othello had sunken in everything Iago had said. Not thinking straight and letting his emotions run untamed, he can only think of death as a way to resolve everything. He jumps very fast into conclusions that lead to a downfall. Iago poisons Othello’s mind with lies about love, Desdemona, and his trusted lieutenant, Cassio and causes him to destroy them both. Iago realizes that by causing Othello to destroy both Desdemona and Cassio Othello will at the same time destroy himself and his reputation. Being under pressure of Iago who controls him exploiting his weaknesses Othello ruins himself and people around him. Exploiting the major weaknesses of Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello, Iago is able to control and hurt them. He moves his friends as if they were chessmen. He uses their individual aspirations and passions to motivate them to whatever devious plan he desires. However, in each case Iago doesn’t have to push very hard because his suggested actions either seem harmless resolutions to each character’s woes or take advantage of character flaws. Because he does not have to push very hard, he is able to maintain an air of apathy while promoting his ultimate malevolent goals: â€Å"I am not what I am†. In Roderigo’s case Iago successfully manipulates him using his weak personality and passionate love to Desdemona for his own purposes. Cassio’s love for women and his weakness to wine is what helps Iago in controlling him. Othello also is caught by Iago in his web of lie since his trusting and passionate nature, insecurity in him makes him vulnerable to Iago. Sha kespeare shows the consequences of being trustful and naà ¯ve. A person should think of what is right and wrong, but not rely on the advices of others as Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello did. One must have his own head on the shoulders, and should live using his mind and consciousness in order to avoid the situation of being under somebody’s control.

Symbolism in The Lottery Essay - 802 Words

To a first time reader, Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† seems simply as a curious tale with a shocking ending. After repetitive reading of Jacksons tale, it is clear that each sentence is written with a unique purpose often using symbolism. Her use of symbols not only foreshadow its surprise and disturbing ending but allows the reader to evaluate the communitys pervert traditional rituals. She may be commenting on the season of the year and the grass being â€Å"richly green† or the toying with the meanings of the characters names but each statement applies to the meaning and lesson behind her story. As far as symbolism in objects, the most prominent and often mentioned is the â€Å"black box† from which the names are drawn from (Jackson 573).†¦show more content†¦Graves for permitted direction (Jackson 573). Ultimately there are only two views the townspeople have on the lottery; one is either for or against the ritual, but there are many reasons w hy one may form their opinion. Originally, winning of the lottery is meant to be of great honor, the sacrificial â€Å"lamb† offered to a Higher Power in hopes of receiving a plentiful season of crops for the overall community (Nebeker 8). †Life brings death, and death recycles life† (Griffen 5). Over time much of the accustomed songs and original ways of conducting the ceremony were lost becoming more of a nuisance (Griffen 5), and enabling the new generation to dream of a life without the lottery. Often it is the families who have experienced the lotterys winnings on a personal level that hold the strongest opinions. The Dunbar family lost their son to the lottery as well as young Jack Watson losing his father. Both families represent the pain of the personal loss caused by the lottery (Jackson 574-75). Jackson uses Old Man Warner as the towns consistent reminder of the origins and sanctity of the lottery and strongly blockading the community of change. His nam e refers to his constant warnings of what could come of losing the lottery and not respecting the tradition. After participating inShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery : Symbolism And Symbolism973 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reading The Lottery you might think about what you are actually winning in a lottery type setting. In the story which is enriched with irony and symbolism. As a reader interpreting the uses of each of these is crucial on discovering the full story. The shabby black box represents both the tradition of the lottery and the illogic of the villagers’ loyalty to it. The black box is nearly falling apart, hardly even black anymore after years of use and storage, but the villagers are unwillingRead MoreThe Lottery Symbolism649 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery, one of the main characters is Mr. Summers. The lottery was conducted--as were the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program--by Mr. Summers. Summers might be the busy body of the village, but he is not the protagonist of the story. Because he represents the status quo situation in the village, his presence in the story is one of the most significant symbols of The Lottery. Summers represents blind adherence to ritual, as he is in chargeRead MoreSymbolism in the Lottery1391 Words   |  6 PagesShirley Jackson#8217;s, #8220;The Lottery#8221;, clearly expresses her feelings concerning traditional rituals through her story. It ope ns the eyes of readers to properly classify and question some of today#8217;s traditions as cruel, and allows room to foretell the outcome of these unusual traditions. #8220;The Lottery#8221; is a short story that records the annual sacrifice ceremony of a fictional small town. It is a detailed narrative of the selection of the person to be sacrificed, aRead MoreLottery Essay Symbolism1249 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism Essay Symbolism is a sign that has been used by literary authors to represent a larger idea into another more specific concept or belief. Symbolism can be used to represent an action, an idea or a person’s archetype as well. The term symbolism is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing in things with a symbolic meaning or character (â€Å"Symbolism†). Examples of symbolism are: an eagle representing freedom, a dove representing peace, and the color green can symbolizeRead MoreThe Lottery Symbolism Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesof The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is simply trying to understand what the symbols in the story mean. These symbols included the lottery, the tools used in the lottery and even the people of the town. Within the first few lines of Shirley Jackson described a picture of a clear, sunny, fresh and warm summer day. She continues this sense of comfort by adding small children playing after being released from school for the summer, and the townspeople gathering calmly for the annual â€Å"Lottery†. JacksonRead MoreThe Lottery Symbolism Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a short story based on a fictional village that holds a macabre ritual. Although the regularity was not stated within the tale, the story speaks of a regular gathering of the village folk to conduct some form of lottery. In a disturbing twist of the tale, the winner of the lottery doesn’t get to receive a prize, but instead, suffer the indignity of being killed by getting stoned to death by friends, family, and neighbors. Mrs. Hutchinson is the unfortunate soul,Read MoreThe Lottery Symbolism Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesAll around the world today thousands of people die from murder and the numbers increase every year. Our world is filled with violence and tragedies that keep increasing, just like in, Shirley Jacksons story â€Å"The Lottery.† The characters in a small village choose someone to stone to death each year because of tradition. As this tradition continues, more and more people die as time passes. All of the towns folk grow more and more nervous, hoping not to get picked. They gather in the town square toRead MoreSymbolism In The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson869 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism is used throughout The Lottery in the character names. Author, Shirley Jackson, uses the name of, Mr. Graves, to foreshadow the story and explain what â€Å"The Lottery† really is. Mr. Graves is the one who carries the three-legged stool which could indicate two things: the Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, or it could mean the past, present and future, saying that â€Å"The Lottery† will always be among the people of the vi llage. In addition, he is also the owner of the post office andRead MoreSymbolism Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1577 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson s The Lottery , is a story that is filled with symbolism. The author uses symbolism to help her represent human nature as tainted, no matter how pure one thinks of himself or herself, or how pure their environment may seem to be. The story is very effective in raising many questions about the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The Lottery clearly expresses Jackson s feelings concerning mankind?s evil nature hiding behind traditions and ritualsRead MoreSymbolism Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson926 Words   |  4 PagesWhen incorporated well, symbolism enhances a story’s overall impact. Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery† contains symbolism to affect the readers’ feelings as well as add interest. The story begins with the villagers gathering at the square t o participate in the lottery. The villagers chat while waiting for the event to begin. After Mr. Summers comes with a black box, he stirs the pieces of paper in the box. The narrators describe the lottery as an old ritual that the community continues

The Ukraine Crisis; Changes of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3224 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ukraine Crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Change of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition Recent times is Ukraine has seen a kind of revolution, which was not seen in any part of the world since the post-World War era. In August 1991, Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state leaving USSR. 90% votes were for independence according to a referendum in December same year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ukraine Crisis; Changes of Elusive Grundnorm or Fundamental Rule of Recognition" essay for you Create order In November 2004, Orange Revolution started after reports of far reaching vote-fixing in presidential race ostensibly won by pro- Russian candidate for president, Viktor Yanukovych. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko leaded mass street dissents and civil disobedience. . But the Supreme Court annulled the results of the poll. Viktor Yushchenko won the re-elections. In February 2010, again Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner in presidential election, judged free and fair by observers. His main opposition, Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, was arrested for abuse of powers. She was jailed in October 2011. In 2013, Viktor Yanukovychà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government refused to sign an agreement for close trade ties with the European Unions. Rather gained co-operation with Russia. Later in 2013, protests take a faster form. More than 100,000 people gathered at Kiev to protest. This was the largest protest after the Orange revolution in the history of Ukraine. These protests, then took a violent turn. In early December 2013, the protestors occupied the Independence square and the Kiev City hall. More than 800,000 people gathered for the demonstration. Russian President, Vladmir Putin made an offer to President Yanukovych. Russia agreed to buy 15$ billion of the Ukrainian debt and reduce the price of gas supplies to Ukraine by one third. By the end of January, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov resigned from his post. Later parliament also annulled the anti- protest law. The parliament then passed the amnesty bill assuring to drop charges against all those people arrested in the protest if protesters agreed to leave the government buildings .But opposition rejected these conditions. The protestors but left the Kiev city hall and also the other government building they acquired in the region and the arrested protestors were released as promised. But the protest still continued to erupt. Kiev on 20th February witnessed the worst day in its history where about 100 people w ere killed and uniformed snipers were spotted shooting at the protestors. After signing a compromise deal with the opposition on 21st February, President Yanukovych disappeared. The protestors took control of the administration buildings of the Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office. Parliament voted to remove the president from the power in the upcoming elections. Yulia Tymoshenko was also freed from the jail soon after the president fled. But the President did appear on the television to denounce coup. Parliament elected speaker Olexander Turchynov as the acting president. Also an arrest warrant was issued for Mr Yanukovych. The interim president warned nation of the dangers of separatism which were clearly eminent in the situation. Members of the expected new government appeared before protestors, and Arseniy Yatsenyuk was named the prime minister. Pro-Russian gunmen started their attempts to take over Crimea. Unidentified uniformed gunmen appeared outside Crimean airport. These gun men were speculated to be the Russian troops. Vladamir Putinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s request to the parliament to use force in Ukraine with the purpose of the protecting the Russian interest was approved. Ukraine declared that Russia has officially declared war on them. In March 2014, Crimeaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parliament vote to join Russia. Meanwhile Russia had denied that the troops in Crimea are Russian but are self-defence forces. United States and United Kingdom warn Russia of new measures against them, if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t withdraw their troops from Ukraine. Ukraine also requested US and UK to take all measures to prevent the Russian aggression in Ukraine. With an order from Ukraines acting President Olexander Turchynov Ukrainian troops left Crimea. But Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aggression still continued with troops on Ukrainian border. If considering the jurisprudential aspect of the Ukranian crisis, there occurred a revolution, an old government was overthrown and t he territories were invaded. Hans Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle of effectiveness is visibly applicable to the Ukraine crisis. According to Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle of effectiveness, an old legal order is invalid and people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow it. This is because the old constitution and subsequently the legal order become devoid of validity and thus loose its efficacy. The protestors in Ukraine overthrew the pro-Russia government when the pro-Russian president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych flee away to Russia. A new interim government was formed and the re-elections aimed at overthrowing the current President. The European Union and the United States of America, recognized this new interim government and considered it legitimate. According to the principle of International law, an actual established authority is the legitimate government. The order even if coercive given by this government is a legal order. The new government thus formed in Ukraine is valid and the legal order has an efficacy. But Russia is not willing to recognize this government and considers the impeachment of President Yanukovych as illegal. Kelsen states that, a norm is valid not only because the legal order is efficacious but the norms are made in the constitutional way. Here the question, whether the government in Ukraine is constitutional or not? Russia claims that this new government is nothing but a coup, and is not a legitimate government instead President Yanukovych is still the legitimate President. If Yanukovych is still the President, then the old legal order is still valid, though not effective, as Kelsen said that effectiveness is just a condition and not a reason for validity of a norm. Kelsen states that men do not conform to an older legal order. Men here means people and thus the people no longer conform to an old legal order[i]. In the case of Ukraine, the protestors who are the people of Ukraine wanted the new government, and thus they accepted the new government, which should be enough to apply the principle of effectiveness, as the people doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t consider the old legal order as valid which is as it is ineffective with the formation of new government. Also the theory of Grundnorm led down by Kelsen is somewhat in accordance with the situation in Ukraine. A Grundnorm is the term for basic norm[ii]. A Grundnorm change is a phenomenon which overthrows the current power of governance which can only be done through a political revolution[iii]. A Grundnorm can only be changed through a political revolution. The Ukraine crisis is somewhat similar to a change of Grundnorm. The pro-Russian government which was ruling for a considerable time was overthrown by the people of Ukraine. The new Government form was considered as the existing legal order and the basic norm. The new Government was then the ground rule for Ukraine. As the new government was formed, arrest warrant was issued against President Viktor Yanukovy ch. This can be seen as a Grundnorm which is changed. No one could have arrested President Yanukovych when he was in power and he had the Grundnorm. But now, the new government can arrest him. The term Grundnorm is used to express basic norm, order, or rule that forms an underlying basis for a legal system. The new government can be considered or will give a norm for the basis of legal system. But this is highly debatable as the new government cannot be said to be formed by popular will and is supported by those people of the country who are not pro-Russia. In the case of Republic of Fiji v Prasad, the court of appeals use the basis of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"principle of effectivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ laid down by Kelsen. In Fiji, the government appointed by the military failed to establish that it was a legitimate and legal government. The judges quoted Kelsen stating that theory justified the seizure of power by force. The judgment also stated that a new regime having to prove that i ts rule was based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"popular acceptance and supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as distinct from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tacit submission to coercion or fear of forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The holding of elections would be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"powerful evidence of efficacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In the case of Ukraine also the new government needed to prove popular acceptance. But this government was formed by overthrowing the previous one by the protestors. It cannot be said that the new Government in Ukraine has the popular acceptance if considering the Crimean region. The Crimean population is not in favour of this government. The Crimean population is pro-Russia and thus is against this government. Also Ukraine has not gained de facto control over Crimea, though it is because of the Russian aggression in the region. But the question of popular acceptance is limited only to the region of Crimea and thus it can be said that, what happened in Ukraine was a Grundnorm change. The new government was s uccessful revolution and will past the test laid down in the Fiji case accept when it comes to the region of Crimea where Crimea itself is expecting a Grundnorm change by wanting to join Russia. Like Kelsen, another jurist, H.L.A Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theories can also be connected to the Ukraine crisis. The rule of recognition is a customary or, as Hart says, a social rule. It can also be said, it is a rule by virtue of being accepted by a certain group of people, viz. the legal officials. The rule of recognition can therefore be described as a conventional rule[1]. The most essential one is that inasmuch as the rule of recognition is a social rule, the Grundnorm is only a presupposition, a thought in the personalities of legitimate researchers and others. According to Hart, only customary laws existed in the time where no law existed. Customary law meant that a rule is accepted only if majority members accepted it. Even in the societies, where now the law exist, the majority should accept it. In Ukraine, the government of President Yanukovych was accepted by the people of Ukraine. But then why was a new government formed? Why did the parliament voted to impeach the President? This is because what Hart says it as normative uncertainty. There are numerous heterogeneous groups in the society which may disagree on some or the other norms of the society. For this uncertainty Hart lays down the rule of change. A rule of change confers power on a person or institution to create, modify or extinguish rules and may also specify the procedures to be used in exercising that power. Since the rule of change empowers certain persons to amend the rules, behaviour may be shifted in the desired direction through the exercise of legal authority[2]. In the case of the Ukraine crisis, the question is whether the new government so formed in Ukraine is the desired direction? And if it is the desired direction, is it derived through exercise of legal authority. The new regime formed in Ukraine was a revolution. As the rule of recognition where primary law derives its authority from secondary law, has new government derived ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authority from anything? The interim government formed in Ukraine was legitimate and needed to be formed as the President fled away. The US and the EU recognized the newly formed government as being legitimate. The protestors can thus be said the group who were conflicting on the norms of the legal system and thus got it changed. A group facing a drought can, for example, deliberately change the tithing rules and hence address the dire circumstances in an expeditious manner. The new government is not accepted by the majority. Crimea voted more than 90% to join the Russian federation. Even Donetsk declared itself independent of Ukraine and wanted join Russia. Pro-Russia government was more desirable to this considerable population of the nation, thus not having popular acceptance of the new government. But this j ust not enough to decline the possibility of change of Grundnorm because there is a political revolution and the government is changed and it is only the population of Crimea and the some other parts of Ukraine which are pro-Russian are against the government but the majority part is for the government. It can be said that Crimea is another such group of the society facing normative uncertainty. Thus it can be called as a Grundnorm change. For Hart,Rule of change because, a group of the society was unable to derive authority from the previous government and thus formed a new government for their interest. It was the change of rule of recognition. Because the rule of recognition is a social rule, it is capable of being an ultimate rule[3].Its existence is derived only because of its acceptance, whereas the primary rule derive its authority from the rule of recognition. Russia insists that Viktor Yanukovych remains the President, while the government of Ukraine denies it. This mean s Russia recognizes Russia of having two legal systems, whereas the case is that it has only one legal system which is the ultimate rule of recognition[iv]. Similar is the case for the regions like Crimea who want leave Ukraine and merge with Russia. For such regions, the rule of recognition will shift from Ukraine to Russia. Ukraine will lose its power to legislate over the issues of Crimea[v]. HLA Hart also talks about the applicability of the international law. According to Hart international law is self-imposed but there are exceptions to it. The two important exceptions are formation of new state and a state acquiring territory or other changes. In such cases the state is bound by the international obligations and the rules. Considering the Ukraine crisis, Crimea either will be joining Russia or will form a separate state. In the former case Russia and in the latter case, the new state of Crimea will be bound by the obligation of international law[vi]. Also according to Kels enà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of International law, there is a coercive element involved in International law which gives a legal right to a state to punish an offending state. But Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s armed interference in Ukraine was not supported by the international community. Russia was asked to move back its troops from the Ukrainian borders. So this wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t the legal right Russia acquired to punish Ukraine as it is question whether Ukraine is an offending state or not. It can be inferred from the current situation of Ukraine that it is more tending towards Kelsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grundnorm rather than Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule of recognition. But also it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t totally negate the Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view. Political revolution and a Coup are the two main elements for turning wind to the change of Grundnorm but at the same time also taking with it the elements of the change of rule of recognition. But still if I am need ed to choose only one out of the two, then I will say it is the Grundnorm change and not a change of Rule of Recognition. [1] Hart, CL II, supra note 96, p. 255. [2] YALE LAW SCHOOL, Scott J. Shapiro, Research Paper No. 181, WHAT IS THE RULE OF RECOGNITION (AND DOES IT EXIST)? , https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract#1304645 [3] YALE LAW SCHOOL, Scott J. Shapiro, Research Paper No. 181, WHAT IS THE RULE OF RECOGNITION (AND DOES IT EXIST)? , https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract#1304645 [i] If the old laws are regarded as valid it is because the new constitution has validated them expressly or tacitly (Kelsen 1967,209).The content of these norms remains unchanged but the reason for their validity changes as the old basic norm is displaced by the new. [ii] A legal norm exists because of a chain of validity that links it ultimately to the basic norm. The legal system is a system of legal norms connected to each other by their common origin, like the branches and leaves of a tree. [iii] Sometimes the basic norm of the legal order changes by means not authorised by the basic norm. This can happen in a number of different ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sometimes violently, sometimes by peaceful and consensual means. It happens when one stateconquersanotherandimposesitsownsovereignpowerovertheconquered state. The establishment of Crown sovereignty over Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s colonies subordinated local legal systems to the English law and constitution. It hap pens when a region of a country secedes from the whole and establishes its own legal order. [iv] it is possible that though in fact the legal system of the colony is now independent of its parent, the parent system may not recognize this fact. It may still be part of English law that the Westminster Parliament has retained, or can legally regain, power to legislate for the colony; and the domestic English courts may, if any cases involving a conflict between a Westminster statute and one of the local legislature comes before them, give effect to this view of the matter. In this case propositions of English law seem to conflict with fact. The law of the colony is not recognized in English courts as being what it is in fact: an independent legal system with its own local, ultimate rule of recognition. As a matter of fact there will be two legal systems, where English law will insist that there is only one But, just because one assertion is a statement of fact and the other a pro position of (English) law, the two do not logically conflict. [v] At this stage the legal system of the colony is plainly a subordinate part of a wider system char- acterized by the ultimate rule of recognition that what the Queen in Parliament enacts is law for (inter alia) the colony. At the end of the period of development we find that the ultimate rule of recognition has shifted, for the legal competence of the Westminster Parliament to legislate for the former colony is no longer recognized in its courts. It is still true that much of the constitutional structure of the former colony is to be found in the original statute of the Westminster Parliament: but this is now only an historical fact, for it no longer owes its contemporary legal status in the territory to the authority of the Westminster Parliament. [vi] The first is the case of a new state. It has never been doubted that when a new, independent state emerges into existence, as did Iraq in 1932, and Israel i n 1948, it is bound by the general obligations of inter- national law including, among others, the rules that give binding force to treaties. Here the attempt to rest the new states international obligations on a tacit or inferred con- sent seems wholly threadbare. The second case is that of a state acquiring territory or undergoing some other change, which brings with it, for the first time, the incidence of obligations under rules which previously it had no opportunity either to observe or break, and to which it had no occasion to give or withhold consent. If a state, previously without access to the sea, acquires maritime territory, it is clear that this is enough to make it subject to all the rules of international law relating to the territorial waters and the high seas. Besides these, there are more debatable cases, mainly relating to the effect on non-parties of general or multilateral treaties; but these two important exceptions are enough to justify the suspicion that the g eneral theory that all international obligation is self-imposed has been inspired by too much abstract dogma and too little respect for the facts.

The Appropriate Expansion Path Of Mcdonalds - 1202 Words

The appropriate expansion path (a) McDonald’s is a famous fast food brand in the word which owns 35,000 outlets located in 119 different countries. In 1990, the first McDonald’s store opened in Shenzhen. But before they actually started their business, McDonald’s had already carried out 5 years business research and all sorts of information gathering such as the income level of the Chinese people, the kind of foods they enjoy etc (Han, J. 2008). For product perspective, McDonald’s create a standardized set of products that taste similar no matter in United State or in China. According to the research, they found cost saving by standardization as â€Å"think global, act local†. McDonalds launch their promotion with same brand image and the advertisements. The target customers for them include children, teenagers and young generation with standardization management. On the other hand, they are not successful as KFC in China market due to some reasons. For example, Chinese customer trend to purchase chicken burger rather than beef burger. Denny’s know as American restaurant that signed an agreement with Great China International Group (GCIG) that develop 50 new restaurants in southern China I the next 15 years (Files.shareholder.com). So this agreement enhances business strategy for expanding the brand in China. In addition Denny’s change their menu for local concern that achieves great success. However, the Chinese people still less familiar with this brand. And it seems asShow MoreRelatedFast Food Industry : The World s Largest Restaurant Chain And Now Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fast food restaurant McDonald’s is the world’s largest restaurant chain and now they are expanding even further. Those iconic golden arches spread wide from large urban centers to rural towns. The global giant has sets its sites for further expansion into the country of India. 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Double Entry Journal For “Huckleberry Finn” free essay sample

1. â€Å"I’ve seen it in the books; and so of course that’s what we’ve got to do.† â€Å"But how can we do it if we don’t know what it is?† â€Å"Why blame it all, we’ve got to do it. Don’t I tell you it’s in the books? Do you want to go to doing different from what’s in the books, and get things all muddled up?† (Twain 10). This quote pokes fun at education as Tom Sawyer puts all his faith in a book, even though we know books do not always tell the truth. The boys are willing to take a blood oath and enter into a murderous gang because a book said that is the way to do it. It shows how easily they are influenced by one another and how they lack their own opinion. 2. â€Å"The men took their guns along, so did Buck, and kept them between their knees or stood them handy against the wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Entry Journal For â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Shepherdson’s done the same. It was pretty ornery preaching-all about brotherly love, and such-like tiresomeness, (Twain 137). The Grangerfords and Shepherdsons brought their guns to the church where they sat through a sermon preaching of brotherly love. This is a good example of religious satire because the pastor is preaching love whilst his followers are at war with each other. The families seem to be religious, yet ignore all of the teachings and contradict the word of the lord. 3. â€Å"Each person had their own nigger to wait on them- Buck, too. My nigger had a monstrous easy time, because I warn’t used to have anybody do anything for me, but Buck’s was on the jump most of the time.† (Twain 143). Huck is considerably better to slaves than most of the Southerners during this time and thinks of Jim as a good friend. This quote still pokes fun at racism though, showing it’s meaningless but inescapable. Even though Huck is not particularly racist he is still ingrained with the idea that he owns that black man, using the phrase â€Å"my nigger†. 4. â€Å"I am the rightful duke of Bridgewater; and here am I, forlorn, torn from my high estate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Bilgewater, I am the late Dauphin! †¦ Yes, gentleman, you see before you, in blue jeans and misery, the wanderin’, exiled, trampled-on and sufferin’ rightful King of France.† (Twain 162). This is when Huck and Jim pick up two drifters and criminals to ride along with them on their raft. It shows how easily Jim and Huck trust the men that claim to be royalty because they aren’t used to such deception. Jim and Huck are just happy to be in the presence of people they believed were actually important at one time, as they were never important themselves. It isn’t until later that they discover the drifters are lying and feel bad for the scam artists when they come upon them tar and feathered. 5. â€Å"The king he told it all over again on his hands to the duke, and both of them took on about that dead tamer like they’d lost the twelve disciples. Well, if I ever struck anything like it, I’m a nigger. It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race.† (Twain 210). This quote shows that the duke and king have no respect for others and openly deceive grieving people and exploit this to collect the large inheritance. It’s even worse when Huck says if he ever did something like this then he’d be a nigger. Huck has compared Jim to being his equal before yet still views most blacks as inferior. Jim is a much better man the two crooks who completely lack ethics. 6. â€Å"Don’t be no rougher on him than you’re obleeged to, because he ain’t a bad nigger†¦ out crawls this nigger from somewhere, and says he’ll help; and he done it too, and done it very well†¦ and yet he was resking his freedom to do it,† (Twain 352). This is when Tom gets shot and the doctor needs help to remove the bullet from his leg because Tom was getting worse by the minute. It shows that Jim was braver and more honorable than many other men, black or white. Tom had risked everything to save him, and Jim wouldn’t let him die like that; he was willing to give up his freedom to save his friend. I doubt the duke and the king would ever be so kind.

Why Is the “Era of Goof Feelings” a Misnomer Essay Example

Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? Paper The period of James Monroe’s presidency has gained the term used worldwide as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. It was adopted by this name because of Monroe’s action in visiting the U. S military basis and because of the spirit of nationalism and optimism gained by the people from the War of 1812. Foreign affairs exemplifies why this name is partly fact. However, the perception of unity that this era defines is somewhat misleading. Throughout this period, there were various problems that contradicted the era’s name. Some of the serious issues that divided the nation were economic depression and sectionalism. The first major fracture in â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was an economic panic and depression that is frequently known as â€Å"The Panic of 1819†. This disaster was largely caused by the Second Bank of the United States (BUS). In their delayed attempt to control inflation caused by the War of 1812 and the economy, BUS forced western banks to foreclose on western farms. They stopped allowing payment in paper, instead asking the people to pay in hard money, such as gold and silver. Many of our country’s banks were affected, which harmed the farmers who had taken out loans. The region placed everyone into huge debt. Many state banks closed, the value of money collapsed, and there was a massive number of unemployment , bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt. This depression largely damaged the West, and resulted with panic amongst the people. It lead the individuals to look for a more responsive government, thus changing many voters’ political outlook. Since the westerners were most largely affected, they began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to the national bank and debtors‘ prisons. This increased the need for democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nationalistic beliefs trembled as a result of this economic depression, hence destroying the meaning behind the term of the â€Å"Era of Good feelings†. Emerging sectionalism started in our nation because of the rising issue with slavery. When Missouri asked to join our country as a new state, an amendment was examined to be passed in response to whether or not this new state should admit slavery. This amendment is known as the Tallmadge Amendment. This bill stated that no slaves could be brought into the state of Missouri and slaves born there would be freed at the age of 25. Southerners were bothered by this suggested law because they felt that it would threaten the sectional balance we had in our country and that Congress would attempt to abolish slavery in southern states. As a solution to this growing dilemma, Henry Clay proposed the Missouri compromise in 1820. This compromise, commonly known as â€Å"The Great Compromise†, stated three important things. One being that Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state. Second, Maine was to be admitted as a free state, in order to keep the balance. Third, in the rest of the Louisiana territory north of latitude 36? 0 , slavery was prohibited. Although this compromise was accepted by both sides of the country, it upset many Northerners, thus increasing growing sectionalism in our nation. Nevertheless, the â€Å"Era of Good feelings† was badly damaged by Americans’ torn feelings of sectional controversy over Missouri (North vs. South). The â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† can al so be exemplified with positive results. Our country’s Foreign affairs grew increasingly better during this time period. After the War of 1812, the United States adopted a more aggressive nationalistic approach in its relations with other nations. Americans were now proud to call themselves Americans and they had very positive feelings because of their battle against England, with whom they now had a better relationship with then they ever had before. President Monroe, with the immense help from Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, followed a nationalistic procedure that actively advanced American interests while maintaining peace. The â€Å"Treaty of 1818† with England, for instance, fixed the American-Canadian border. The United states gained Oregon territory without the surrender of claims plus we were able to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. Another positive result during this period was the treaty known as the â€Å"Florida Purchase Treaty†. Signed in 1819, Spain surrendered Florida as well as claims to Oregon to the United States. This expanded our nation, which caused Americans to feel more positive about themselves and their country. In exchange, the United Stated paid Spain $5 million for the land and gave up all territorial claims to Texas. A very important model during this time period that had a long-term impact was â€Å"The Monroe Doctrine†. This doctrine stated that the nations of Europe could not establish any new colonies in the western hemisphere. Although during this time the United States was too weak to make such a broad claim, this doctrine later became the cornerstone of U. S. foreign policy during the last half of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century. Despite that things appeared pleasant on the outside with a growing nationalistic country, during the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† there was increasing disunity throughout the United States influenced by sectionalism and economic downfall.